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| Selected Reading |
 Ahmed J, Bouloy M, Ergonul O, et al. International network for capacity building for the control of emerging viral vector-borne zoonotic diseases: Arbo-Zoonet. Eurosurveill 2009 Mar 26;14(12):pii=19160 [Full text]
Amore G, Bertolotti L, Hamer GL, et al. Multi-year evolutionary dynamics of West Nile virus in suburban Chicago, USA, 2005-2007. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010 June 27;365(1548):1871-8 [Abstract]
Anderson JF, Main AJ. Importance of vertical and horizontal transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens in the northeastern United States. J Infect Dis 2006 Dec 1;194(11):1577-9 [Abstract]
Anninger W, Lubow M. Visual loss with West Nile virus infection: a wider spectrum of a "new" disease. Clin Infect Dis 2004 Apr 1;38(7):e55-6 [Abstract]
Appler KK, Brown AN, Stewart BS, et al. Persistence of West Nile virus in the central nervous system and periphery of mice. PLoS ONE 2010 May 14;5(5):e10649 [Full text]
Armstrong WS, Bashour CA, Smedira NG, et al. A case of fatal West Nile virus meningoencephalitis associated with receipt of blood transfusions after open heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2003 Aug;76(2):605-7 [Abstract]
Arroyo J, Miller C, Catalan J, et al. ChimeriVax-West Nile virus live-attenuated vaccine: preclinical evaluation of safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. J Virol 2004 Nov;78(22):12497-507 [Abstract]
Artsob H, Gubler DJ, Enria DA, et al. West Nile virus in the New World: trends in the spread and proliferation of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere. Zoonoses Public Health 2009 (published online May 27) [Abstract]
ASTHO (Association of State and Territorial Health Officials). Health confronts the mosquito: developing sustainable state and local mosquito control programs. Feb 2005 [Full text]
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, et al. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Jan 10(1):82-6 [Full text]
Averett E, Neuberger JS, Hansen G, et al. Evaluation of West Nile virus education campaign. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Nov;11(11):1751-3 [Full text]
Bai F, Town T, Pradhan D, et al. Antiviral peptides targeting the West Nile virus envelope protein. J Virol 2007 Feb;81(4):2047-55 [Abstract]
Bakonyi T, Hubalek Z, Rudolf I, et al. Novel flavivirus or new lineage of West Nile virus, Central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Feb;11(2) [Full text]
Barber LM, Schleier JJ III, Peterson RKD. Economic cost analysis of West Nile virus outbreak, Sacramento County, California, USA, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 Mar;16(3):480-6 [Full text]
Barklis E, Still A, Sabri MI, et al. Sultam thiourea inhibition of West Nile virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007 Jul;51(7):2642-45 [Abstract]
Beasley DW, Davis CT, Guzman H, et al. Limited evolution of West Nile virus has occurred during its southwesterly spread in the United States. Virology 2003 May 10;309(2):190-5 [Full text]
Bell JA, Brewer CM, Mickelson NJ, et al. West Nile virus epizootiology, central Red River Valley, North Dakota and Minnesota, 2002-2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Aug;12(8) [Full text]
Ben-Nathan D, Gershoni-Yahalom O, Samina I, et al. Using high titer West Nile intravenous immunoglobulin from selected Israeli donors for treatment of West Nile virus infection. BMC Infect Dis 2009 Feb 17;9:18 [Abstract]
Bertolotti L, Kitron U, Goldberg TL. Diversity and evolution of West Nile virus in Illinois and the United States, 2002-2005. Virology 2007 Mar 30;360(1):143-9 [Abstract]
Bethel JW, Waterman SH. West Nile virus knowledge among Hispanics, San Diego County, California, USA, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 (published online Jul 15) [Full text]
Biggerstaff BJ, Petersen LR. Estimated risk of transmission of the West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the US, 2002. Transfusion 2003 Aug;43(8):1007-17 [Abstract]
Blitvich BJ, Fernandez-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of West Nile Virus, Neuvo Leon State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Jul;10(7):1314-7 [Full text]
Bode AV, Sejvar JJ, PapeWJ, et al. West Nile virus disease: a descriptive study of 228 patients hospitalized in a 4-county region of Colorado in 2003. Clin Infect Dis 2006 May 1;42(9):1234-40 [Abstract]
Bosch I, Herrera F, Navarro JC, et al. West Nile virus, Venezuela. (Letter) Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Apr;12(4) (published online Mar 22) [Full text]
Botha EM, Markotter W, Wolfaardt M, et al. Genetic determinants of virulence in pathogenic lineage 2 West Nile virus strains. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Feb;14(2):222-30 [Full text]
Bouden M, Moulin B, Gosselin P. The geosimulation of West Nile virus propagation: a multi-agent and climate sensitive tool for risk management in public health. Int J Health Geographics 2008 Jul 7;7:35 [Abstract]
Brault AC, Huang CY, Langevin SA, et al. A single positively selected West Nile viral mutation confers increased virogenesis in American crows. (Letter) Nature Genet 2007 Sep;39(9):1162-6 (published online Aug 12) [Abstract]
Brinton MA. The molecular biology of West Nile Virus: a new invader of the western hemisphere. Annu Rev Microbiol 2002;56:371-402 (Jan 30 online publication) [Abstract]
Brown HE, Childs JE, Diuk-Wasser MA, et al. Ecologic factors associated with West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Oct;14(10):1539-45 [Full text]
Brownstein JS, Holford TR, Fish D. Enhancing West Nile virus surveillance, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Jun;10(6):1129-33 [Full text]
Buber J, Fink N, Bin H, et al. West Nile virus-induced pancreatitis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2008 (published online Sep 22) [Abstract]
Bunning ML, Bowen RA, Cropp CB, et al. Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Apr;8(4):380-6 [Full text]
Busch MP, Kleinman SH, Tobler LH, et al. Virus and antibody dynamics in acute West Nile Virus infection. J Infect Dis 2008 (published online Aug 25) [Abstract]
Busch MP, Wright DJ, Custer B, et al. West Nile virus infections projected from blood donor screening data, United States, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Mar;12(3):395-402 [Full text]
Cabre O, Grandadam M, Marie J-L, et al. West Nile virus in horses, sub-Saharan Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Dec;12(12) (published online Oct 31) [Full text]
Caceda ER, Kochel TJ. Application of modified shell vial culture procedure for arbovirus detection. PLoS ONE 2007 Oct 17;2(10):e1034 [Full text]
Caillouet KA, Michaels SR, Xiong X, et al. Increase in West Nile neuroinvasive disease after Hurricane Katrina. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 May;14(5):804-7 [Full text]
Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, et al. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2002 Sep; 2(9):519-29 [Abstract]
Carney RM, Husted S, Jean S, et al. Efficacy of aerial spraying of mosquito adulticide in reducing incidence of West Nile virus, California, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 May;14(5):747-54 [Full text]
Carson PJ, Konweko P, Wold KS, et al. Long-term clinical and neuropsychological outcomes of West Nile Virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2006 Sep 15;43(6):723-30 [Full text]
CDC. Assessing capacity for surveillance, prevention, and control of West Nile virus infection: United States, 1999 and 2004. MMWR 2006 Feb 17;55(6):150-3 [Full text]
CDC. CDC adopts new repellent guidelines for upcoming mosquito season. Apr 28, 2005 [Briefing transcript]
CDC. Detection of West Nile virus in blood donations--Puerto Rico, 2007. MMWR 2008 May 30;57(21):577-80 [Full text]
CDC. Interim guidance for states conducting avian mortality surveillance for West Nile virus (WNV) and/or highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. Released Aug 23, 2006 [Full text]
CDC. Surveillance for human West Nile virus disease--United States, 1999-2008. MMWR Surveill Summ 2010 Apr 2;59(2):1-17 [Full text]
CDC. West Nile virus activity--United States, 2006. MMWR 2007 Jun 8;56(22):556-9 [Full text]
CDC. West Nile virus activity--United States, 2007. MMWR 2008 Jul 4;57(26):720-3 [Full text]
CDC. West Nile virus activity--United States, 2009. MMWR 2010 Jul 2;59(25):769-72 [Full text]
CDC. West Nile virus activity--United States, January 1 - November 7, 2006. MMWR 2006 Nov 10;55(44):1204-5 [Full text]
CDC. West Nile virus infections in organ transplant recipients. MMWR 2005 Oct 5;54(Dispatch):1-3 [Full text]
CDC. West Nile virus transmission through blood transfusion--South Dakota, 2006. MMWR 2007 Feb 2;56(4):76-9 [Full text]
CDC. West Nile virus update--United States, January 1 - August 19, 2008. MMWR 2008 Aug 22;57(33):899-900 [Full text]
CDC. What you need to know about mosquito repellent. Aug 2004 [Web page]
Chang DC, Liu WJ, Anraku I, et al. Single-round infectious particles enhance immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine against West Nile virus. Nature Biotechnol 2008 May 2008;26(5):571-7 [Abstract]
Chapa JB, Ahn JT, DiGiovanni LM, et al. West Nile virus encephalitis during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2003 Aug;102(2):229-31 [Abstract]
Choi KS, Ko YJ, Nah JJ, et al. Monoclonal antibody-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting and quantifying West Nile virus-neutralizing antibodies in horse sera. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007 Feb;14(2):134-8 [Abstract]
Christofferson RC, Roy AF, Mores CN. Factors associated with mosquito pool positivity and the characterization of the West Nile viruses found within Louisiana during 2007. Virol J 2010 Jun 25;7:139 [Abstract]
Chu JJH, Ng ML. Infectious entry of West Nile virus occurs through a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. J Virol 2004 Oct 1;78(19):10543-55 [Abstract]
Chu YK, Ali GD, Jia F, et al. The SARS-CoV ferret model in an infection-challenge study. Virology 2008 Apr 25;374(1):151-50 [Abstract]
Chung KM, Liszewski MK, Nybakken G, et al. West Nile virus nonstructural protein NS1 inhibits complement activation by binding the regulatory protein factor H. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2006 (published online Nov 28) [Full text]
Costa AN, Grossi P, Porta E, et al. Measures taken to reduce the risk of West Nile virus transmission by transplantation in Italy. Eurosurveillance 2008 Oct 16;13(42):pii=19009 [Full text]
Dauphin G, Zientara S. West Nile virus: Recent trends in diagnosis and vaccine development. Vaccine 2007 Jul 26;25(30):5563-76 [Abstract]
Davis CT, Beasley DWC, Guzman H, et al. Genetic variation among temporally and geographically distinct West Nile virus isolates. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Nov;9(11):1423-9 [Full text]
Davis CT, Galbraith SE, Zhang S, et al. A combination of naturally occurring mutations in North American West Nile virus nonstructural protein genes and in the 3' untranslated region alters virus phenotype. J Virol 2007 Jun;81(11):6111-6 [Abstract]
Dawson JR, Stone WB, Ebel GD, et al. Crow deaths caused by West Nile virus during winter. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Dec;13(12):1912-4 (published online Nov 27) [Full text]
Deardorff E, Estrada-Franco JG, Brault AC, et al. Introductions of West Nile virus strains to Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Feb;12(2):314-8 [Full text]
Deas TS, Bennett CJ, Jones SA, et al. In vitro resistance selection and in vivo efficacy of morpholino oligomers against West Nile virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007 Jul;51(7):2470-82 [Abstract]
DeGroote JP, Sugumaran R, Brend SM, et al. Landscape, demographic, entomological, and climatic associations with human incidence of West Nile virus in the state of Iowa, USA. Int J of Health Geographics 2008 May 1;7:19 [Abstract]
Despres P, Combredet C, Frenkiel M-P, et al. Live measles vaccine expressing the secreted form of the West Nile virus envelope glycoprotein protects against West Nile virus encephalitis. J Infect Dis 2005 Jan 15;191(2):207-14 [Abstract]
Diamond MS. Virus and host determinants of West Nile virus pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2009 Jun 26;5(6):e1000452 [Full text]
Diaz LA, Komar N, Visintin A, et al. West Nile virus in birds, Argentina. (Letter) Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Apr;14(4):689-90 [Full text]
Docherty DE, Samuel MD, Nolden CA, et al. West Nile virus antibody prevalence in wild mammals, southern Wisconsin. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Dec;12(12) (published online Nov 1) [Full text]
Dodd RY. Emerging infections, transfusion safety, and epidemiology. (Perspective) N Engl J Med 2003 Sep 25;349(13):1205-6 (see related article by Pealer below)
Dohm DJ, Turell MJ. Effect of incubation at overwintering temperatures on the replication of West Nile Virus in New York Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 2001 May;38(3):462-4 [Abstract]
Eidson M, Kramer L, Stone W, et al, for the New York State West Nile Virus Avian Surveillance Team. Dead bird surveillance as an early warning system for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2001 Jul-Aug;7(4):631-5 [Full text]
Eidson M, Schmit K, Hagiwara Y, et al. Dead crow density and West Nile virus monitoring, New York. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Sep;11(9) [Full text]
Eidson M. 'Neon needles'in a haystack: the advantages of passive surveillance for West Nile virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 Dec;951:38-53 [Abstract]
Ekonomiuk D, Su X-C, Ozawa K, et al. Discovery of a non-peptidic inhibitor of West Nile virus NS3 protease by high-throughput docking. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009 Jan 13;3(1):e356 [Full text]
Elizondo-Quiroga D, Davis CT, Fernandez-Salas I, et al. Human West Nile virus isolation, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Sep;11(9) [Full text]
Ellis AE, Mead DG, Allison AB, et al. Comparison of immunohistochemistry and virus isolation for diagnosis of West Nile virus. Am J Microbiol 2005 Jun;43(6):2904-8 [Abstract]
Emig M, Apple DJ. Severe West Nile virus disease in healthy adults. Clin Infect Dis 2004 Jan 15;38(2):289-92 [Abstract]
Epp T, Waldner S, Wright J, et al. Characterizing the acceptability of a vaccine for West Nile virus by public health practitioners. Vaccine 2010 (published online Mar 1) [Full text]
FDA. Final guidance for industry: revised recommendations for the assessment of donor suitability and blood and blood product safety in cases of known or suspected West Nile virus infection. May 1, 2003 [Full text]
Ferguson DD, Gershman K, LeBailley A, et al. Characteristics of the rash associated with West Nile fever. Clin Infect Dis 2005 Oct 15;41(8):1204-7 [Abstract]
Figuerola J, Soriguer R, Rojo G, et al. Seroconversion in wild birds and local circulation of West Nile virus, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Dec;13(12):1915-7 (published online Nov 15) [Full text]
Fonseca DM, Keyghobadi N, Malcolm CA, et al. Emerging vectors in the Culex pipiens complex. Science 2004 Mar 5;303(5663):1451 [Abstract]
Fonseca K, Prince GD, Bratvold J, et al. West Nile virus infection and conjunctival exposure. (Letter) Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Oct;11(10):1648-9 [Full text]
Fradin MS, Day JF. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. N Engl J Med 2002 Jul 4;347(1):13-8 [Abstract]
Gobbi F, Napoletano G, Piovesan C, et al. Where is West Nile fever? Lessons learnt from recent human cases in northern Italy. Eurosurveill 2009 Mar 12;14(10):pii=19143 [Full text]
Goetz AM, Goldrick BA, et al. West Nile virus: A primer for infection control professionals. Am J Infect Control 2004 Apr;32(2):101-5 [Abstract]
Gomez A, Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, et al. Land use and West Nile virus seroprevalence in wild mammals. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Jun;14(6):962-6 [Full text]
Green MS, Weinberger M, Ben-Ezer J, et al. Long-term death rates, West Nile virus epidemic, Israel, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Nov;11(11):1754-7 [Full text]
Grinev A, Daniel S, Stramer S, et al. Genetic variability of West Nile virus in US blood donors, 2002-2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Mar;14(3):436-44 [Full text]
Gubler DJ. The continuing spread of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere. Clin Infect Dis 2007 Oct 15;45(8):1039-46 [Abstract]
Gujral IB, Zielinski-Gutierrez EC, LeBailly A. Behavioral risks for West Nile virus disease, northern Colorado, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Mar;13(3) (published online Feb 9) [Full text]
Guptill SC, Julian KG, Campbell GL, et al. Early-season avian deaths from West Nile virus as warnings of human infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Apr;9(4):483-4 [Abstract]
Haaland KY, Sadek J, Pergam S, et al. Mental status after West Nile virus infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Aug;12(8) [Full text]
Harrington T, Kuehnert MJ, Kamel H, et al. West Nile virus infection transmitted by blood transfusion. Transfusion 2003 Aug;43(8):1018-22 [Abstract]
Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, et al. Epidemiology and dynamics of transmission of West Nile disease. (Perspective) Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Aug;11(8) [Full text]
Hayes EB, Sejvar JJ, Zaki SR, et al. Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease. (Perspective) Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Aug;11(8) [Full text]
Herring BL, Bernardin F, Caglioti S, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of WNV in North American blood donors during the 2003-2004 epidemic seasons. Virology 2007 Jun 20;363(1):220-8 [Abstract]
Higgs S, Schneider BS, Vanlaningham DL, et al. Nonviremic transmission of West Nile virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2005 (published online Jun 10) [Abstract]
Higgs S, Schneider BS, Vanlaningham DL, et al. Nonviremic transmission of West Nile virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2005 Jun 21;102(25):8871-4 [Abstract]
Hinckley AF, O'Leary DR, Hayes EB. Transmission of West Nile virus through human breast milk seems to be rare. Pediatrics 2007 Mar;119(3):e666-71 [Abstract]
Hong DS, Jacobson KL, Raad II, et al. West Nile encephalitis in 2 hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: case series and literature review. Clin Infect Dis 2003 Oct 15;37(8):1104-9 [Abstract]
Huang C, Slater B, Rudd R, et al. First Isolation of West Nile virus from a patient with encephalitis in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Dec;8(12):1367-71 [Full text]
Iwamoto M, Jernigan DB, Guasch A, et al, for the West Nile Virus in Transplant Recipients Investigation Team. Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2003 May 29;348(22):2196-203 [Abstract]
Jean CM, Honarmand S, Louie JK, et al. Risk factors for West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease, California, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Dec;13(12):1918-20 (published online Nov 15) [Full text]
Jerzak GV, Bernard K, Kramer LD, et al. The West Nile virus mutant spectrum is host-dependent and a determinant of mortality in mice. Virology 2007 Apr 10;360(2):469-76 [Abstract]
Johnson AJ, Cheshier RC, Cosentino G, et al. Validation of a microsphere-based immunoassay for detection of anti-West Nile virus and anti-St. Louis encephalitis virus immunoglobulin M antibodies. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007 Sep;14(9):1084-93 [Abstract]
Jordan I, Briese T, Fischer N, et al. Ribavirin inhibits West Nile virus replication and cytopathic effect in neural cells. J Infect Dis 2000 Oct;182(4):1214-7 (Aug 22, 2000, online publication) [Abstract]
Jourdain E, Gauthier-Clerc M, Bicout D, et al. Bird migration routes and risk for pathogen dispersion into western Mediterranean wetlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Mar;13(3):362-72 [Full text]
Jourdain E, Gauthier-Clerc M, Sabatier P, et al. Magpies as hosts for West Nile virus, southern France. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Jan;14(1):158-9 (published online Dec 21) [Full text]
Julian KG, Eidson M, Kipp AM, et al. Early season crow mortality as a sentinel for West Nile virus disease in humans, northeastern United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2002 Fall;2(3):145-55 [Abstract]
Julian KG, Mullins JA, Olin A, et al. Aseptic meningitis epidemic during a West Nile virus avian epizootic. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Sep;9(9):1082-8 [Full text]
Kalil AC, Devetten MP, Singh S, et al. Use of interferon-alpha in patients with West Nile encephalitis: report of 2 cases. Clin Infect Dis 2005 Mar 1;40(5):764-6 [Abstract]
Kelley TW, Prayson RA, Ruiz AI, et al. The neuropathology of West Nile virus meningoencephalitis: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol 2003 May;119(5):749-53 [Abstract]
Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Campbell SR, et al. West Nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Mar;11(3):425-9 [Full text]
Kilpatrick AM, Meola MA, Moudy RM, et al. Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 2008 Jun 27;4(6):e1000092 [Full text]
Kinney RM, Huang CY, Whiteman MC, et al. Avian virulence and thermostable replication of the North American strain of West Nile virus. J Gen Virol 87(12):3611-22 [Abstract]
Klee AL, Maldin B, Edwin B, et al. Long-term prognosis for clinical West Nile virus infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Aug;10(8):1405-11 [Full text]
Klein RS. A moving target: the multiple roles of CCR5 in infectious diseases. (Editorial commentary). J Infect Dis 2008 Jan;197 (published online Jan 7) [Full text]
Koh WL, Ng ML. Molecular mechanisms of West Nile virus pathogenesis in brain cells. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Apr;11(4):629-32 [Full text]
Koldijk MH, Bogaards JA, Kostense S, et al. A sensitive cell-based assay for the detection of residual infectious West Nile virus. Vaccine 2007 Sep 28;25(39-40):6872-81 [Abstract]
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, et al. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Mar;9(3):311-22 [Full text]
Koren G, Matsui D, Bailey B. DEET-based insect repellents: safety implications for children and pregnant and lactating women. Can Med Assoc J 2003 Aug 5;169(3):209-12 [Full text]
Korves CT, Goldie SJ, Murray MB. Blood screening for West Nile virus: the cost-effectiveness of a real-time, trigger-based strategy. Clin Infect Dis 2006 Aug 15;43(4):490-3 [Abstract]
Kreil TR, Berting A, Kistner O, et al. West Nile virus and the safety of plasma derivatives: verification of high safety margins, and the validity of predictions based on model virus data. Transfusion 2003 Aug;43(8):1023-8 [Abstract]
Kuehn BM. Studies propose targeted screening of blood for West Nile virus. JAMA 2006 Mar 15;295(11):1235-6 [Extract]
LaDeau SL, Kilpatrick AM, Marra PP. West Nile virus emergence and large-scale declines of North American bird populations. Nature 2007 Jun 7;447(7145):710-3 [Abstract]
LaDeau SL, Marra PP, Kilpatrick AM, et al. West Nile virus revisited: consequences for North American ecology. Bioscience 2008 Nov;58(10):937-46 [Abstract]
Langevin SA, Bunning M, Davis B, et al. Experimental infection of chickens as candidate sentinels for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2001 Jul-Aug;7(4):726-9 [Full text]
Lanteri MC, Heitman JW, Owen RE, et al. Comprehensive analysis of West Nile virus-specific T cell responses in humans. J Infect Dis 2008 May 1;197(9):1296-306 [Abstract]
Lawrie CH, Uzcategui NY, Gould EA, et al. Ixodid and argasid tick species and West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Apr;10(4):653-57 [Full text]
Ledizet M, Kar K, Foellmer HG, et al. Antibodies targeting linear determinants of the envelope protein protect mice against West Nile virus. J Infect Dis 2007 Dec 15;196(12):1741-8 [Abstract]
Lelli R, Murri S, Scicluna MT. West Nile virus epidemic in horses, Tuscany region, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Dec;8(12):1372-8 [Full text]
Lessard S. West Nile virus rates soar in 2007. CMAJ 2007 Dec 4;177(12):1489 [Full text]
Lichtensteiger CA, Heinz-Taheny K, Osborne TS, et al. West Nile virus encephalities and myocarditis in wolf and dog. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Oct;9(10):1303-6 [Full text]
Lim JK, Lisco A, McDermott DH, et al. Genetic variation in OAS1 is a risk factor for initial infection with West Nile virus in man. PLoS Pathog 2009 Feb 27;5(2):e1000321 [Full text]
Lim JK, Louie CY, Glaser C. Genetic deficiency of chemokine receptor CCR5 is a strong risk factor for symptomatic West Nile virus infection: a meta-analysis of 4 cohorts in the US epidemic. J Infect Dis 2008 Jan;197 (published online Jan 7) [Full text --also see Klein editorial above]
Lindsay R, Barker I, Nayar G, et al. Rapid antigen-capture assay to detect West Nile virus in dead corvids. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Nov;9(11):1406-10 [Full text]
Lindsey NP, Kuhn S, Campbell GL, et al. West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease incidence in the United States, 2002-2006. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008 Feb;8(1):35-40 [Abstract]
Liu H, Weng Q, Gaines D. Spatio-temporal analysis of the relationship between West Nile virus dissemination and environmental variables in Indianapolis, USA. Int J Health Geogr 2008;7(1):66 (published online Dec 18) [Abstract]
Liu WJ, Wang XJ, Clark DC. A single amino acid substitution in the West Nile virus nonstructural protein NS2A disables its ability to inhibit alpha/beta interferon induction and attenuates virus virulence in mice. J Virol 2006 Mar;80(5):2396-404 [Abstract]
Loeb M, Elliott SJ, Gibson B, et al. Protective behavior and West Nile virus risk. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Sep;11(9) [Full text]
Loeb M, Hanna S, Nicolle L, et al. Prognosis after West Nile virus infection. Ann Intern Med 2008 Aug 19;149(4):232-41 [Abstract]
Lopez G, Jimenez-Clavero MA, Tejedor CG, et al. Prevalence of West Nile virus neutralizing antibodies in Spain is related to behavior of migratory birds. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis (published online Apr 9) [Abstract]
Lord CC, Day JF. Simulation studies of St. Louis encephalitis and West Nile viruses: the impact of bird mortality. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2001 Winter;1(4):317-29 [Abstract]
Maillo BM, Lopez-Velez R, Norman F, et al. Importation of West Nile virus infection from Nicaragua to Spain. (Letter) Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Jul;14(7):1171-2 [Full text]
Malan AK, Martins TV, Hill HR, et al. Evaluations of commercial West Nile virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme immunoassays show the value of continuous validation. J Clin Microbiol 2004 Feb;42(2):727-33 [Abstract]
Mandalakas AM, Kippes C, Sedransk J, et al. West Nile virus epidemic, northeast Ohio, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Nov;11(11):1774-7 [Full text]
Martin DA, Noga A, Kosoy O, et al. Evaluation of a diagnostic algorithm using immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to differentiate human West Nile virus and St. Louis encephalitis virus infections during the 2002 West Nile virus epidemic in the United States. Clin Diagn Lab [Abstract]
Martin JE, Pierson TC, Hubka S, et al. A West Nile virus DNA vaccine induces neutralizing antibody in healthy adults during a phase 1 clinical trial. J Infect Dis 2007 Dec 15;196(12):1732-40 [Abstract]
Martina BE, Koraka P, van den Doel P, et al. Immunization with West Nile virus envelope domain III protects mice against lethal infection with homologous and heterologous virus. Vaccine 2008 Jan 10;26(2):153-7 [Abstract]
Mather T, Takeda T, Tassello J, et al. West Nile virus in blood: stability, distribution, and susceptibility to PEN110 inactivation. Transfusion 2003 Aug;43(8):1029-37 [Abstract]
McCandless EE, Zhang B, Diamond MS, et al. CXCR4 antagonism increases T cell trafficking in the central nervous system and improves survival from West Nile virus encephalitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2008 (published online Aug 4) [Full text]
McDonald WF, Huleatt JW, Foellmer HG, et al. A West Nile virus recombinant protein vaccine that coactivates innate and adaptive immunity. J Infect Dis 2007 Jun 1;195(11):1607-17 [Abstract]
Meece JK, Kronenwetter-Koepel TA, Vandermause MF, et al. West Nile virus infection in commercial waterfowl operation, Wisconsin. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Sep;12(9):1451-3 [Full text]
Mehlhop E, Whitby K, Oliphant T, et al. Complement activation is required for induction of a protective antibody response against West Nile virus infection. J Virol 2005 Jun;79(12):7466-77 [Abstract]
Meyer TE, Bull LM, Holmes KC, et al. West Nile virus infection among the homeless, Houston, Texas. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Oct;13(10):1500-3 (published online Sep 5) [Full text]
Monath TP, Liu J, Kanesa-Thasan N, et al. A live, attenuated recombinant West Nile virus vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2006 (published online Apr 14) [Abstract]
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